Q. No. 2. What did lead to the occurrence of Ultra-degree of mega development towards the close of 17th century A.D. in Britain known as “Glorious Revolution”?
The Glorious Revolution: Key Factors Leading to Mega Development in Britain
The Glorious Revolution of 1688 was a pivotal moment in British history, marking the transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy. This event set the stage for significant political, social, and economic changes in Britain. Here’s an overview of the factors that led to this remarkable development.
1. Political Context
1.1. Absolute Monarchy
King James II’s reign (1685-1688) was marked by his attempts to consolidate power and rule without Parliament, leading to tensions with both Parliament and the public.
1.2. Religious Conflicts
James II, a Catholic, attempted to promote religious tolerance for Catholics, which alarmed the predominantly Protestant society and Parliament. His policies threatened the Protestant establishment in England.
1.3. Succession Concerns
The birth of James II’s son raised fears that a Catholic dynasty would follow. This created widespread anxiety about the future of Protestantism and the monarchy.
2. Economic Factors
2.1. Rising Middle Class
The growth of the merchant and middle classes demanded more political power and representation, leading to conflicts with the monarchy.
2.2. Economic Stability
The prosperity brought by trade, particularly with the colonies, increased demands for a government that would protect business interests rather than suppress them.
3. Influential Figures
3.1. William of Orange
The invitation to William of Orange by a group of English nobles was crucial. He was seen as a Protestant leader who could challenge James II. William’s acceptance of the invitation was a turning point.
3.2. Support from Key Groups
Support from various groups, including the Whigs and Tories, was vital in rallying opposition against James II. This coalition worked towards ensuring a Protestant succession.
4. Events Leading to the Revolution
4.1. The Glorious Invasion
William landed in England in November 1688 with a relatively small force, but he garnered significant support from English nobility and common people, leading to minimal resistance.
4.2. Flight of James II
Faced with overwhelming opposition, James II fled to France, effectively abandoning his throne. This act was crucial as it showed the monarchy’s vulnerability.
5. Outcomes of the Glorious Revolution
5.1. Constitutional Monarchy
The revolution led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, limiting the powers of the king and ensuring the supremacy of Parliament.
5.2. Bill of Rights (1689)
The Bill of Rights was enacted, outlining the rights of Parliament and limiting the powers of the monarchy. This document laid the foundation for modern British democracy.
5.3. Religious Tolerance
Although not fully realized, the revolution paved the way for increased religious tolerance and the eventual establishment of laws ensuring rights for non-Conformists.
Conclusion
The Glorious Revolution was a culmination of political strife, economic growth, and social changes in 17th-century Britain. It resulted in a significant transformation of the political landscape, establishing principles of constitutional governance that influenced future democratic developments. This period marked the beginning of a new era for Britain, shaping its modern identity.
