Q.5 Give an analytical study of the Muslim Architecture in Spain with special reference to Cordova Mosque and Al-Hamra of Granada. 2018

Muslim architecture in Spain is considered to be one of the most significant and influential styles of architecture in the world. The Muslim rulers of Spain, known as the Moors, introduced a unique style of architecture that blended elements of Islamic, Roman, and Visigothic architecture. Two of the most iconic examples of Muslim architecture in Spain are the Cordoba Mosque and the Alhambra of Granada. A brief analytical study of each of these structures is provided below.

1. : The Cordoba Mosque was built in the 8th century by the Muslim ruler Abd al-Rahman I on the site of a Visigothic church. It was expanded and renovated several times over the centuries, and it eventually became one of the largest mosques in the world. The mosque is known for its unique horseshoe arches, striped arches, and intricate geometric patterns. The interior of the mosque is characterized by its forest of columns, which support the horseshoe arches and create a sense of spatial depth. The mihrab, or prayer niche, is decorated with intricate mosaics and serves as the focal point of the mosque. The mosque also features a large courtyard with a central fountain, which is surrounded by arcades and palm trees.
2. : The Alhambra of Granada is a palace and fortress complex that was built by the Nasrid dynasty in the 14th century. The complex is known for its intricate tilework, carved stucco, and ornate plasterwork. The walls of the palace are covered in geometric patterns and calligraphy, which serve as a visual representation of the Islamic concept of unity and harmony. The Palace of the Lions is a particularly notable structure within the Alhambra, featuring a central courtyard with a fountain supported by twelve marble lions. The Nasrid Palaces also feature intricate courtyards, ornate ceilings, and intricate tilework.

Both the Cordoba Mosque and the Alhambra of Granada showcase the distinctive elements of Islamic architecture, such as the use of arches, courtyards, and intricate geometric patterns. These structures are also characterized by their use of light and shade, which creates a sense of depth and texture. The Cordoba Mosque and the Alhambra of Granada are considered to be masterpieces of Islamic architecture and continue to inspire architects and artists around the world.