Q.3 Explain the major reasons of the fall of Umayyad Dynasty in 132 .A.H. 2020

The Umayyad Dynasty was one of the most powerful and influential dynasties in Islamic history. However, after a reign of approximately 90 years, the dynasty faced a number of challenges and ultimately fell in 132 A.H. There were several major reasons for the fall of the Umayyad Dynasty, including:

1. : One of the primary reasons for the fall of the Umayyad Dynasty was political instability. The ruling Umayyad caliphs were increasingly seen as tyrants who had little regard for the welfare of the common people. This led to resentment and rebellion among various segments of society, including the mawali (non-Arab Muslims) who were treated as second-class citizens.
2. : The Umayyad Dynasty faced a significant economic crisis due to the expenses of maintaining a large empire and fighting numerous wars. This led to high taxation, which burdened the population, particularly the poor. The rich, on the other hand, were exempt from many of these taxes, which further contributed to economic discontent and social unrest.
3. : The Umayyad Dynasty was criticized for its secular attitudes and its perceived neglect of the religious needs of the people. The ruling caliphs were seen as more interested in accumulating wealth and power than in promoting the principles of Islam. This led to religious tensions and unrest, particularly among the pious and religiously conservative segments of society.
4. : The Abbasids, who were a rival clan to the Umayyads, had long opposed the Umayyad rule and had been working to undermine the Umayyad authority for many years. The Abbasids were able to build a coalition of various groups and were able to successfully overthrow the Umayyad caliphate and establish their own dynasty in its place.

In conclusion, the fall of the Umayyad Dynasty was the result of a complex set of factors, including political instability, economic discontent, religious tensions, and opposition from rival clans. These factors ultimately led to the collapse of the Umayyad caliphate and the rise of the Abbasid Dynasty.